Under EU competition law, it is allowed in most vertical agreements to grant distributors exclusivity for a territory or customer group. Selective distribution is the well-known exception, where no geographic restrictions may be imposed on any level in the selective network. The EU’s Vertical Block Exemption Regulation (VBER) allows suppliers to restrict active sales by…

The Dutch franchise code was drafted with the goal of becoming an industry-wide accepted code of conduct. Based on the well-known governance principle of “comply or explain,” the code offered both franchisors and franchisees an opportunity to carefully consider the inclusion of any contract clause that deviates from its standards. Although this system has worked…